P06702
UniProt ID : P06702
NCBI Taxonomy : 9606
Protein names : Protein S100-A9
Organism : Homo sapiens
Taxonomy : Eukaryota
Subcellular locations :Secreted;Cytoplasm;Cytoplasm;Cell membrane;
Length : 114
Gene Ontology :
GO IDOntologyDefinitionEvidence
GO:0005856Cellular ComponentcytoskeletonTAS
GO:0005829Cellular ComponentcytosolTAS
GO:0005576Cellular Componentextracellular regionTAS
GO:0005615Cellular Componentextracellular spaceIEA
GO:0005634Cellular ComponentnucleusIDA
GO:0005886Cellular Componentplasma membraneTAS
GO:0016209Molecullar Functionantioxidant activityIEA
GO:0050544Molecullar Functionarachidonic acid bindingTAS
GO:0005509Molecullar Functioncalcium ion bindingTAS
GO:0008017Molecullar Functionmicrotubule bindingTAS
GO:0050786Molecullar FunctionRAGE receptor bindingTAS
GO:0004871Molecullar Functionsignal transducer activityTAS
GO:0035662Molecullar FunctionToll-like receptor 4 bindingTAS
GO:0008270Molecullar Functionzinc ion bindingTAS
GO:0006919Biological Processactivation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic processIDA
GO:0006914Biological ProcessautophagyIDA
GO:0007267Biological Processcell-cell signalingTAS
GO:0032602Biological Processchemokine productionTAS
GO:0002544Biological Processchronic inflammatory responseIEA
GO:0042742Biological Processdefense response to bacteriumTAS
GO:0050832Biological Processdefense response to fungusTAS
GO:0045087Biological Processinnate immune responseIEA
GO:0002523Biological Processleukocyte migration involved in inflammatory responseIDA
GO:0070488Biological Processneutrophil aggregationIDA
GO:0030593Biological Processneutrophil chemotaxisIDA
GO:0030307Biological Processpositive regulation of cell growthTAS
GO:0050729Biological Processpositive regulation of inflammatory responseIDA
GO:2001244Biological Processpositive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathwayIDA
GO:0051092Biological Processpositive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityTAS
GO:0051493Biological Processregulation of cytoskeleton organizationTAS
GO:0045471Biological Processresponse to ethanolIEA
GO:0032496Biological Processresponse to lipopolysaccharideIEA
GO:0010043Biological Processresponse to zinc ionIEA
GO:0032119Biological Processsequestering of zinc ionTAS
SWISS-MODEL Repository :P06702
Sequences : MTCKMSQLERNIETIINTFHQYSVKLGHPDTLNQGEFKELVRKDLQNFLKKENKNEKVIEHIMEDLDTNADKQLSFEEFIMLMARLTWASHEKMHEGDEGPGHHHKPGLGEGTP
Function :S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transfering arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread.